typescript使用

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typescript已经成为前端日常开发中常用的工具之一,本文结合自己的使用做一下笔记,方便以后查阅。

Partial

Partial可以将某个类型中定义的属性变成可选的. 下面的定义了Book类型,创建实力时如果不设置id属性就会提示错误。

type Book = { id: string; name: string; }; const book1: Book = { id: "1", name: "book1" } // 提示错误: Property 'id' is missing in type '{ name: string; }' but required in type 'Book'.ts(2741) const book2: Book = { name: "book2" }

可以通过Partial设置成部分属性

const book2: Partial<Book> = { name: "book2" }

is

is用来指定数据的类型。

下面isNumber函数用来判断输入为数字,如果是就用调用setValue,但是提示value的值可能为undefined不能赋值给number类型。

const isNumber = (taregt: unknown): boolean => typeof taregt === "number" && !Number.isNaN(taregt) const setValue = (newValue: number) => { // .... }; const reset = (value?: number) => { if (isNumber(value)) { // 错误提示: Argument of type 'number | undefined' is not assignable to parameter of type 'number'. Type 'undefined' is not assignable to type 'number'.ts(2345) setValue(value); } };

isNumber函数已经判断value位数字了,但是编译器还是报错,那怎样才能让编译器认为value就是nmber,没错is可能达到目的。将isNumber的返回类型使用is指定为number.

const isNumber = (taregt: unknown): taregt is number => typeof taregt === "number" && !Number.isNaN(taregt)

infer

infer用来推断数据的类型,typescript可以根据条件来确定类型比如官网的例子:

interface Animal { live(): void; } interface Dog extends Animal { woof(): void; } type Example1 = Dog extends Animal ? number : string; // type Example1 = number type Example2 = RegExp extends Animal ? number : string; // type Example2 = string

所以可以根据条件动态确定输入的类型

推断函数返回类型

表示如果T是一个无参数的函数,则返回T函数的返回值,返回返回T本身,

type func = () => number; type GetReturnType<T> = T extends () => infer R ? R : T; type FuncReturnType = GetReturnType<func>; // number type Foo = string; type StringReturnType = GetReturnType<Foo>; // string

可以将上面的type func = () => number改成有参数的type func = (a: string) => number,可以看返回了func函数本身。

推断联合类型

type InferType<T> = T extends {name: infer V, age: infer V} ? V : never; type Foo1 = InferType<{name: string; age: string}>;// type Foo1 = string type Foo2 = InferType<{name: string; age: number}>;// type Foo = string | number

同理可以推断数组的类型

type InferType<T> = T extends (infer R)[] ? R : never; type Foo3 = InferType<[string, number, boolean]>; // type Foo3 = string | number | boolean

Omit

忽略对象的某些属性。

下面的代码提示缺少id、time属性。

type Book = { id: string; name: string; time: number; } const book1: Book = { // Type '{ name: string; }' is missing the following properties from type 'Book': id, timets(2739) name: "book1", }

通过Omit可以忽略id、time属性,只要name属性。

const book1: Omit<Book, "id" | "time"> = { name: "book1", }

Exclude

排除联合类型的某些类型

type Foo = "a" | "b" | "c"; type Bar = Exclude<Foo, "a">; // type Foo = "a" | "b" | "c";

Extract

从联合类型中提取符合条件的成员

下面从Foo中提取"a""d",最后Bar"a"

type Foo = "a" | "b" | "c"; type Bar = Extract<Foo, "a" | "d">; // type Bar = "a"

看看官网的例子

type T1 = Extract<string | number | (() => void), Function>; //type T1 = () => void type Shape = | { kind: "circle"; radius: number } | { kind: "square"; x: number } | { kind: "triangle"; x: number; y: number }; type T2 = Extract<Shape, { kind: "circle" }> // type T2 = { // kind: "circle"; // radius: number; // }

NonNullable

排除联合类型中undefinednull

下面的例子类型为string | number

type T = NonNullable<string | number | undefined | null>; //type T = string | number

Awaited

通过对异步函数或者Promise的then进行递归的解开来获取类型。

type A = Awaited<Promise<string>>; // type A = string type B = Awaited<Promise<Promise<number>>>; // type B = number type C = Awaited<boolean | Promise<number>>; // type C = number | boolean

Required

将类型的所有属性设置为必填。

下面的Props的属性都是可选的,但是使用Required后就必填了

interface Props { a?: number; b?: string; } const obj: Props = { a: 5 }; //error: Property 'b' is missing in type '{ a: number; }' but required in type 'Required<Props>'.ts(2741) const obj2: Required<Props> = { a: 5 };

Readonly

将类型的所有属性标记为已读,创建的对象属性不允许再次赋值。

interface Todo { title: string; } const todo: Readonly<Todo> = { title: "Delete inactive users", }; todo.title = "Hello"; // Cannot assign to 'title' because it is a read-only property.ts(2540)